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Third Seminole War

Bradley Massacre makes history in Pasco

March 23, 2016 By Special to The Laker/Lutz News

A Seminole war party led the attack
Various accounts, published on the historic website Fivay.org, tell the story of the Bradley Massacre, reportedly the last Seminole war party attack on a settler’s homestead east of the Mississippi River.

Capt. Robert Duke Bradley was one of the first white settlers to live south of the Withlacoochee River, according to those reports.

He wasn’t feeling well on May 14, 1856, and was awaiting supper with his wife and children that evening.

Barracks and tents at Fort Brooke in Tampa Bay, around 1840. In 1824 Fort Brooke was a military post established at the mouth of the Hillsborough River in present-day Tampa. It had as many as 3,000 soldiers and would take part in all three Seminole Indian Wars. The fort was decommissioned by the U.S. Army in 1883. (Courtesy of South Florida Library)
Barracks and tents at Fort Brooke in Tampa Bay, around 1840.
In 1824 Fort Brooke was a military post established at the mouth of the Hillsborough River in present-day Tampa. It had as many as 3,000 soldiers and would take part in all three Seminole Indian Wars. The fort was decommissioned by the U.S. Army in 1883.
(Courtesy of South Florida Library)

The captain, who was bedridden on his farm, was a veteran who had fought against the Seminole Indians as far north as the Suwannee River.

He had resigned his commission, because he was no longer a healthy man.

The skirmishes he’d been involved in had damaged his lungs, and for the rest of his life, he would require medical services from the army doctor stationed at Fort Brooke.

Bradley had personally surveyed a homestead in a remote area that would be later known as Darby, a community in Pasco County.

It was frontier country with its share of moccasin tracks, but the good news was that no Indian sightings had been reported for many years.

But, the evening of May 14, 1856, would forever change the 53-year-old’s life.

Bradley — who had always been willing to defend his land granted under the Armed Occupation Act — suddenly heard sounds of a war whoop and gunfire of a Seminole war party.

The attack would be recorded as the last attack on a settler’s homestead east of the Mississippi River.

After meeting with U.S. President Millard Fillmore at the White House, Seminole Chief Billy Bowlegs initially agreed to surrender. The U.S. government later offered Bowlegs $10,000 to relocate to the Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. Bowlegs had led his warriors on sporadic attacks, which may have included the Bradley Massacre. (Credit: Harper’s Weekly, June 12, 1858)
After meeting with U.S. President Millard Fillmore at the White House, Seminole Chief Billy Bowlegs initially agreed to surrender. The U.S. government later offered Bowlegs $10,000 to relocate to the Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. Bowlegs had led his warriors on sporadic attacks, which may have included the Bradley Massacre.
(Credit: Harper’s Weekly, June 12, 1858)

Bradley’s 11-year-old daughter, Mary Jane, was quickly shot through the shoulder and heart. The captain saw her come into his bedroom, where she collapsed and died.

Fifteen-year-old William Brown Bradley was shot on the porch of the log house.

An Aug. 4, 1922 Dade City Banner story recounting the raid, reported that Nancy Bradley, the captain’s wife, “…rushed out on the porch, picked up the wounded boy, and carried him into the room and laid him on the bed. He (William) got up, grabbed a rifle, and fired through a crack between the logs, handed the gun to one of his brothers, saying, ‘fight till you die’ and fell to the floor dead.”

News of the 15-year-old’s injuries reached as far north as the Macon Weekly Telegraph, which on June 24, 1856 reported: ‘His body had been pierced by two balls.”

When Bradley realized the Indians had reached the steps of his front porch, he heard his wife yell: “They are coming in!”

What happened next was reported as far east as the Palatka Democrat, which published a May 22, 1856 account:

“Captain Bradley, who was prostrated on his bed with sickness, arose and returned a fire on the Indians with two or three guns which he had in his house, which caused them to withdraw,” according to the Palatka Democrat report.

The Banner’s 1922 article indicated that “one of the boys shot at two Indians who were trying to hide behind a tree and afterwards more blood was found there than anywhere else.”

Bradley counted at least 15 Indians attacking his log cabin.

The Palatka Democrat reported: “Captain Bradley was of the opinion that the Indians were about his house all night.”

Because he was a known Indian fighter, there are several historical sources that describe the Bradley attack as an act of revenge.

During the Second Seminole War (1835-1842), a major strategist and leader for the Indians was Thlocko Tustenuggee– or better known as “Tiger Tail” to the white man.

And, it was Captain Bradley who had tracked down and killed Nethlockemathlar, the older brother of Tiger Tail.

At the time of the Seminole raid, the Bradley residence was approximately a mile north of the location of this historic marker off Bellamy Brothers Boulevard. (Doug Sanders/Photo)
At the time of the Seminole raid, the Bradley residence was approximately a mile north of the location of this historic marker off Bellamy Brothers Boulevard.
(Doug Sanders/Photo)

Reaching the Bradley homestead the next day from Fort Brooke, Capt. Thomas C. Ellis and a group of men went into the surrounding woods to hunt for the Seminoles. “The camp of the redskins was found in the big cypress swamp and nearby the grave of the Indian killed by Captain Bradley,” according to the Dade City Banner.

As the Bradley attack produced more sightings and fears of the Indians, Gen. Jesse Carter at Fort Brooke received a letter from a citizen’s committee dated May 31, 1856. It said, in part:

“… we therefore most respectfully ask that you will, at the earliest practicable moment, send to our relief a force sufficient to protect us from the cruel barbarities of this insidious foe…”

With the frontier on alert, Bradley and his wife laid to rest their son and daughter in unmarked graves. This was done to prevent the Indians from returning and desecrating the burials.

The family would learn later that the Indian war party was pursued as far south as Fort Mead “and the entire band either killed or captured,” according to one newspaper account.

Called “The Bradley Massacre” by a historical maker erected by Pasco County in 1979, the killings that night 160 years ago was one of several events that ultimately forced Chief Billy Bowlegs and the last of some 100 Seminole warriors to leave Florida at the end of the Third Seminole War in 1858.

Armed Occupation Act
Granting 160 acres to any head of a family, the Florida Armed Occupation Act of 1842 required a settler’s house to be built in one year, the clearing and growing crops for five years, and defending the homestead.

By Doug Sanders

Doug Sanders has a penchant for unearthing interesting stories about local history. His sleuthing skills have been developed through his experiences in newspaper and government work. If you have an idea for a future history column, contact Doug at .

Published March 23, 2016

Get a taste of Florida’s past at the Pioneer Day & Old Gospel Sing

August 28, 2014 By B.C. Manion

Come take a trip into the past at Pioneer Day & Old Gospel Sing at the Pioneer Florida Museum & Village.

Event goers can enjoy music, check out traditional craft demonstrations, grab a bite to eat, and watch the reenactment of the Bradley Massacre, a dramatization of a Seminole raid, said Jessica Budin, front office manager for the museum.

Event-goers can check out what a general store used to look like before the days of big-box retailers and huge grocery stores. (Courtesy of Pioneer Florida Museum & Village)
Event-goers can check out what a general store used to look like before the days of big-box retailers and huge grocery stores.
(Courtesy of Pioneer Florida Museum & Village)

Music will play throughout the day, and the Seminole raid reenactment will be presented at 11:15 a.m., and 2 p.m., Budin said.

Visitors will be able to observe living history exhibits, check out vendor booths, and enjoy gospel music by local performers. The event also features plant sales, children’s games, a petting zoo and other activities.

Food available for purchase will include barbecue pulled pork sandwiches, hamburgers, hot dogs, sweets and drinks.

For those who are planning to come, it’s a good idea to bring cash because there aren’t ATMs, and the vendors typically do not accept credit cards, Budin said. It’s also a good idea to check the weather reports and bring an umbrella if rain is expected, because the event will go on rain or shine, and many of the activities are outdoors.

A Seminole raid reenactment will give onlookers a chance to observe the dramatization of the Bradley Massacre, which occurred during the Third Seminole War. The massacre took place on May 14, 1856, in the tiny outpost of Darby.

A small band of Seminoles crept undetected toward the house of Capt. Robert Bradley and opened fire, killing two people during the raid.

Bradley’s Massacre has been recorded as the last attack by a Native American tribe on a settler’s homestead east of the Mississippi River.

Other attractions include a chance to:

• Visit the Old Lacoochee School
• Experience life as the Overstreets lived at the John Overstreet House
• Drop in at the C.C. Smith General Store and see what a retail store would have been like during the late 1800s to early 1900s
• Climb aboard the 1913 Porter steam engine housed in the Trilby Depot
• Observe the collection of early farm equipment, vintage buggies and carriages in the Mable Jordan Barn
• Take a look at a 1946 Chevy fire truck and a 1921 LaFrance fire truck
• Explore the museum’s main building, shop at the gift shop, and look at the museum’s collections
Admission to the museum is included in the price of admission to Pioneer Day, Budin said.

The event tends to get a nice turnout, she said, estimating between 1,000 to 1,500 people. The annual event has been at the museum since 1975.

If you go
WHAT:
Pioneer Day & Old Time Gospel Sing
WHEN: Aug. 30 from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.
WHERE: Pioneer Florida Museum & Village, 15602 Pioneer Museum Road in Dade City
COST: Adults $8; senior citizens 55 and older, and children, $6; kids younger than 5 and museum members, free. Parking also is free.
INFO: Call (352) 567-0262, or email

Published August 27, 2014

See this story in print: Click Here

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